Bureaucracy Notes Essay Example for Free

Bureaucracy Notes Essay The Nature of Bureaucracy A bureaucracy is the name given to a large organization that is structured hierarchically to carry out specific functions. They are generally characterized by an organization chart. Public bureaucracies are basically any organization. They do not have a single set of leaders; they serve the citizenry. Private bureaucracies are those that have a single set of leaders-it’s board of directors. Government bureaucracies are not organized to make a profit. The Weberian Model of the modern bureaucracy which was developed by the German sociologist Max Weber, who viewed bureaucracies as rational, hierarchical organizations in which decisions are based on logical reasoning. The Acquisitive Model of bureaucracy that views top-level bureaucrats as seeking to expand the size of their budgets and staffs to gain greater power. Â  The Monopolistic Model is a model of bureaucracy that compares bureaucracies to monopolistic business firms. Lack of competition in either circumstance leads to inefficient and costly operations. Administrative Agencies are a federal, state, or local government unit established to perform a specific function. Administrative agencies are created and authorized by legislative bodies to administer and enforce specific laws. The Size of the Bureaucracy Excluding the military, the federal bureaucracy includes approximately 2.7 government employees. Since the 1970’s the growth of bureaucracy has been mainly at the and local levels. The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy The executive branch, which employs most of of the government’s staff, has four major types of structures: Cabinet Departments One of the 15 departments of the executive branch (State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Education, Energy, Transportation, and Veterans Affairs). They are the major organizations of the federal government. Each department is headed by a Secretary and has several levels of undersecretaries, assistant secretaries, and so on. President’s theoretically have considerable control over these departments, however, sometimes they fail to follow the President’s wishes. Independent Executive Agencies are bureaucratic organizations that are not located within a department but report directly to the president, who appoints their chief officials. Independent Regulatory Agencies are typically responsible for a specific type of public pol icy. Their function is to make and implement rules and regulations in a particular sphere of action to protect the public interest. It is an agency outside the major executive departments charged with making and implementing rules and regulations. Members of regulatory agency boards are appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate. The President can influence them by appointing people of their own parties or individuals who share their political views when vacancies occur., in particular when the chair is vacant. Government Corporation an agency of government that administers a quasi-business enterprise. These corporations are used when activities are primarily commercial. It differs from public and private corporations. Private corporations have shareholders who elect a board of directors, who in turn choose the corporate officers, such as the president and vice president. When it makes a provide, it has to pay taxes. A government corporation has a board of directors and managers but not stockholders. We cannot buy shares of stock under this. Profits remain in within the corporation under the government corporation. Capture is the act by which an industry being regulated by a government agency gains direct or indirect control over agency personnel and decision makers. Challenges to the Bureaucracy The federal bureaucracy is both complex and very specialized. Every department has it’s own goals, missions, and constituents. Some of these problems that occur within each department require more than one agency, causing overlapping jurisdictions to cause confusion and problems that no one has the authority to potentially solve. Terrorism was a challenge because it needed to be organized in order to stop it. The main problem with this was integrating agencies whose missions were very different.. Another was dealing with natural disasters. Natural Disasters leave people without power and without a home, and potentially causing many deaths. So many agencies and levels of government must be coordinated that sometimes responses are delayed and aid does not get to the victims in a timely way. It’s the struggle of the citizens themselves. Staffing the Bureaucracy Two categories of bureaucrats: Political Appointees The president can make political appointments to most of the top jobs in the federal bureaucracy. Civil Servants The president can also appoint ambassadors to foreign posts. The rest of the national governments’ employees belong to the civil service and obtain their jobs through a much more formal process. Civil Service Act of 1883 The size of the bureaucracy increased by 300 percent between 1851 and 1881, the cry for civil service reform became louder. Spoils System is an application of the principle that to the victor belong the spoils. It’s the awarding of government jobs to political supporters and friends. Pendleton Act (Civil Service Reform Act) was passed placing the first limits on the spoils system. It is an act that established the principle of employment on the basis of merit and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service. Merit System is the selection, retention, and promotion of government employees on the basis of competitive examinations. Civil Service Commission is the initial central personnel agency of the national government, created in 1883. Modern Attempts at Bureaucratic Reform The most important actual and proposed reforms in the last several decades include: Sunshine Laws The Government in the Sunshine Act is a law that requires all committee directed federal agencies to conduct their business regularly in public session. Sunshine laws, today, exist at all levels of government. Sunset Laws The Sunset Legislation are laws requiring that existing programs be reviewed regularly for their effectiveness and be terminated unless specifically extended as a result of these reviews. It places government programs on a definite schedule for Congressional consideration. This idea was originally suggested by Franklin D. Roosevelt, however his proposal was never adopted. Privatization is the replacement of government services with services provided by private films. It occurs when government services are replaced by services from the private sector. Some people believe that they could be provided more efficiently. It is most successful at the local level. Incentives for Efficiency to make things better, state governments focus on maximizing the efficiency and productivity of government workers by providing incentives for improved performance. More Protection for so-called Whistleblowers Whistleblowers are people who bring public attention gross governmental inefficiency or an illegal action. They may be clerical workers, managers, or even specialists, like scientists. Some state and federal laws encourage employees to blow the whistle on their employers’ wrongful actions by providing monetary incentives to the whistleblowers. Bureaucrats as Political and Policy Makers Because Congress is unable to oversee the day-to-day administration of its programs, it must delegate certain powers to administrative agencies. Enabling Legislation is a statute enacted by Congress that authorizes the creation of an administrative agency and specifies the name, purpose, composition, functions, and powers of the agency being created. The agencies should put into effect laws passed by Congress. They provide relatively little guidance to agency administrators as to how the laws should be implemented; meaning that the agencies must decide how best to carry out the wishes of Congress. In the rule making environment EXAMPLE: Suppose that Congress passes a new air pollution law. The Environmental Protection Agency might decide to implement the new law through a technical regulation on factory emission. This proposed regulation would be published in the Federal Register, a daily government publication, so that interested parties would have an opportunity to comment on it. Individuals and companies that opposed the rule might then try to convince the EPA to revise it. Some parties might try to persuade the agency to withdraw the legislation. There is a 60-day waiting period before the rule can be enforced. Bureaucrats are policy makers. The Iron triangle is the three-way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests. Issue Network is a group of individuals or organizations which may consist of legislators and legislative staff members, interest group leaders, bureaucrats, the media, scholars, and other experts that supports a particular policy position on a given issue. It describes the policy making process. Members of a particular issue network work together to influence the president, member of Congress, administrative agencies, and the courts to affect public policy on a specific issue. Each policy issue may involve conflicting positions taken by two or more issue networks. Congressional Control of the Bureaucracy Congress has the power of the purse and theoretically could refuse to authorize or appropriate funds for a particular agency. Congress has the legal authority to decide whether to fund or not to fund administrative agencies and can exercise oversight over agencies through investigations and hearings. Congressional Committees conduct investigations and hold hearings to oversee an agency’s actions, reviewing them to ensure compliance with congressional intentions. The agency’s officers and employees can be ordered to testify before a committee about the details of an action. Through these oversight activities, especially int eh questions and comments of member of the House of Representatives or the Senate during the hearings, Congress indicates its positions on specific programs and issues. One theory of Congressional control over the bureaucracy suggests that Congress cannot possibly oversee all of the bureaucracy. Two possible approaches police control and the fire alarm approach. The fire alarm approach is more likely to discover gross inadequacies in a bureaucracy’s job performance. Congress and its committees react to scandal, citizen disappointment, and massive negative publicity by launching a full-scale investigation into whatever agency is suspected of wrongdoing.

Effective Use of Humor in Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Literature Cour

Effective Use of Humor in Hamlet    The use of humor in a tragic story helps to give the reader a break from the monotony of a depressing story line. â€Å"If a story were completely filled with depressing and tragic events, the readers' interest would most definitely be lost†( Bloom 91). William Shakespeare's, Hamlet is based on the tragedy of a murder of the king of Denmark, whose son must revenge his murderer. Therefore it is classified as a tragedy and if humor weren't present in the play it would be very depressing. Shakespeare ironically uses Hamlet; the main character to add the comedy bit of the play when he is the one the tragedy affects most. This humor is evident throughout the play by Hamlet. When Hamlet is upset at someone like Claudius or Polonius he will mock them in their presence without either one of them really catching on too quickly. The first one of Hamlet's stand up routines is with his uncle, Claudius in Act I, scene ii. Claudius comments on Hamlets mourning and Hamlet snaps back with a clever pun. Claudius. How is it that the clouds still hang on you? Hamlet. Not so, my lord. I am too much in the sun. (Shakespeare I.ii. ll. 66-67) When Hamlet refers to the sun he is actually saying that he feels that he is "too much of a son" to Caudius, when he is really supposed to be his nephew. The whole complication between Hamlet and Claudius is that, Hamlet's father died and then Hamlet's uncle, Claudius married his mother. This leaves Hamlet with a strange family tree because his uncle doubles as his stepfather. The line that proceeds the ones seen above also tells the reader of the awkwardness of the situation. Hamlet. A little more than kin, and less than kind! (Shakespeare I.ii. ll. 6... ...r the reader. The comedy helps break the story up a bit and gives the reader a mental breather from some of the complications in the play. While the reader is given a mental breather from the seriousness of the play they also are fed some of Hamlet's inner thought about the people he is interacting with. Hamlet is able to directly tell the other person exactly what he feels of them and by using humor, sneak it past them in most cases. Works Cited and Consulted: Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations Of Hamlet. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Brodwin, Leonora. Hamlet Character Analysis. Monarch Notes. Brodwin's Notes Scott-Hopkins, Benjamin. "Dark Humor of Hamlet" Shakespeare-Online Shakespeare, William. "Hamlet." The Unabridged William Shakespeare. William George Clark and William Aldis Wright, ed. Running Press. 1989.

P&G Strategy

Executive Summary Competitive analysis of P&G often focuses on hard outcomes like market share, gross margin, and number of patent applications but misses some under-appreciated but nevertheless critical strategies that drive P&G's business. The least understood and most powerful P strategy Is leveraging Its scale. Least understood because It Is hard to measure; most powerful because It touches everything the company does.P& G has four separate identifiable scale leveraging strategies: 1 a retail trade strategy a top down Corporate vs.. Division/brand funding strategy a consumer cohort strategy systemic strategies Scale Is becoming Increasingly important, particularly as retailers globalize and continue to drive out supply chain costs. We bring Industry-leading supply chain management and the Intellectual capital of our people to retail partnerships. We have higher-than-average market shares at our top global retailers.As big customers grow, P's overall market share grows. Leverages Its Scale In Ways That Competitors Don't Fully Appreciate Leveraging scale with the retail trade These are programs that have a high perceived value to the retailer and reinforce P's competitive advantages. Of course, these programs are most aggressively sold to the more enlightened retailers who are gaining share in the marketplace. In fact, gaining share with growing retailers is another major P&G strategy. Everyone recognizes that retailers are becoming more and more powerful, demanding more price concessions from manufacturers while themselves marketing private brands of higher and higher value to consumers. Most manufacturers respond by dumping cash into the retailer's wallet. P responds by leveraging its scale. P is investing tens of millions of dollars in Supply Chain efficiencies to come the low-cost distributor, developing innovative distribution concepts and then â€Å"marketing† their advantages to retailers with sophisticated Activity Based Costing software tools. In addition, high volume from multiple categories permits P account handlers at all levels to offer retail customers benefits such as: Account- specific consumer research Major theme events with genuine substance which make the retailer look good to their consumers (e. G. , the Women's Health Initiative at Wall*Mart) Multi-category consumer studies (e. G. Mothering) Software analytics We see retail consolidation as an opportunity that P&G is uniquely capable of leveraging.

Key Events in French History